We simplify the body as an elastic rod and apply a backbone optimization method to interpolate continuous body shape between end constraints imposed by tracked markers. Here, we describe an interpolation method to quantify continuous body 3-D position and orientation. Accurately quantifying their continuous body's 3-D shape and motion is important for understanding body–environment interactions in complex terrain, but this is difficult to achieve (especially for local orientation and rotation).
Limbless animals such as snakes, limbless lizards, worms, eels and lampreys move their slender, long bodies in three dimensions to traverse diverse environments.
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